[psych-hr] Violence against women fuels spread of HIV/Aids

***Learn more about the International Day for the Elimination of Violence
Against Women at: http://www.hrea.org/feature-events/vaw-day.php


AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL-PRESS RELEASE
AI Index: ACT 77/087/2004
24 November 2004

Significantly more young women than men are now being infected by HIV/Aids
as violence against women and girls fuels the spread of the virus.
HIV/Aids is a human rights catastrophe which increasingly affects women,
said Amnesty International in the report Women, HIV/Aids and human rights
published ahead of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence
Against Women.

"The increasing spread of HIV/Aids among women and sexual violence are
interlinked.  If governments are serious in their fight against the
disease they also have to deal with another worldwide "pandemic": violence
against women," said Amnesty International.

Violence is a key factor in women's risk of contracting the virus. Studies
suggest that the first sexual experience of a girl will often be forced
and we know that one in five women will be a victim of rape or attempted
rape in her lifetime.  Traditional practices such as genital mutilation,
early marriage, and the practice of newly bereaved widows being
"inherited" by other male relatives also increases women's exposure to the
virus.

Mass rape and sexual violence in conflicts drives the HIV pandemic, in
countries as disparate as the DRC and Colombia. In the DRC tens of
thousands of women were raped during the conflict and the health system
has completely collapsed with only eight percent of donated blood being
tested before use in transfusions. The situation in the war torn region of
Darfur in Sudan is likely to go the same way given the similarities of
rape and sexual violence again used as a weapon of war. The majority of
women in Darfur have also undergone female genital mutilation, a factor
increasingly likely to put them at risk of infection.

Stigma is still a serious problem - for both survivors of rape and people
living with HIV/Aids. Women often refrain from seeking medical treatment
following rape because of the risk that they will be identified as rape
victims within their community and ostracized. In Colombia Amnesty
International has received testimonies about people from stigmatised
groups, including those thought to have HIV/Aids, who have "disappeared",
been persecuted or killed.

"In many parts of the world stigma blocks the way for women to access
appropriate medical health care and leads to the exclusion of women from
families or communities," said Amnesty International.

Where women are denied property and inheritance rights, employment and
access to finance, they are forced into dependence on men which places
them in a very weak position to assert their rights and protect themselves
from violence. Many women and girls also lack awareness of measures
required for self-protection from HIV/Aids. In Ethiopia, for example, some
80% of married young women have had no education and are unable to read.
Ensuring access to education including awareness raising about sex, health
and HIV/Aids is fundamental to protecting the right of girls and women.

"Discrimination and unequal power relations make it more difficult for
women and girls to control their lives and their own sexuality, including
negotiating safer sex. Women must be empowered to act effectively in their
own best interests," said Amnesty International.

To fight the spread of HIV/Aids governments must take effective measures
to:

- Increase awareness of HIV/AIDS and ensure access to anti-retroviral
drugs and appropriate medical care
- Stop violence against women
- Ensure education for women and girls, including information about health
and sexuality
- Increase economic empowerment of women
- Undertake more effective public information campaigns to fight the
stigma about HIV/Aids.

"If a government can't ensure access to adequate health care the
international community has a responsibility to contribute material
support, Amnesty International added.


Background

The number of people living with HIV/AIDS in 2003 was estimated by UNAIDS
to be 35.7 million adults (of whom 17 million were women) and 2.1 million
children. An increasing proportion of those infected with HIV/Aids are
women. Globally, young women are 1.6 times more likely to be living with
HIV/AIDS than young men according to UNAIDS. In Sub-Saharan Africa 57% of
adults living with the virus are women, and two thirds of young
HIV-positive people are women and girls.

Women are increasingly campaigning effectively for their rights.
Grassroots activism by women, including in particular women living with
HIV/AIDS, has accelerated in recent years.


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