Help - Protecting Human Rights in Europe

1. Introduction
2. History of international protection of refugees and displaced persons
   1. The League of Nations
   2. The United Nations
   3. The Establishment of the UNHCR

3. The role of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
4. International protection of refugees
   1. The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees
      1. How does the 1951 Refugee Convention define a refugee?
      2. Well-founded fear of persecution
      3. Bases of persecution
      4. Outside the country of nationality or former habitual residence
      5. Some questions...
      6. Can a Convention refugee lose her or his status of a Convention refugee?
      7. Are certain persons excluded from being a Convention refugee?
      8. Are there restrictions on whom states can turn away from their borders?
      9. Can a person enter the country illegally and apply for refugee status?
      10. What rights do individuals have once they have been recognised as Convention refugees?
      11. How does the 1951 Refugee Convention protect the rights of asylum-seekers?
      12. Detention of asylum-seekers
      13. Social conditions of asylum-seekers

   2. United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

5. Regional protection of refugees

1. The Council of Europe
   1. Can the European Convention offer protection to asylum-seekers and refugees?
   2. Who can benefit from the protection of the European Convention?
   3. Everyone within the jurisdiction
   4. Those fearing persecution from state and non-state groups
   5. Excluded groups
   6. How does the European Court of Human Rights assess "risk of persecution"?
   7. How can an asylum-seeker or refugee invoke the protection of the European Convention?
   8. Right of individual petition
   9. Interim measures under Rule 39
   10. Can the European Convention on Human Rights offer protection of other rights in addition to the right not to be tortured?
   11. Some questions...

2. The Organisation of African Unity
1. Convention governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa
3. The Organisation of American States
1. Cartagena declaration on refugees
2. Some questions...

1. National protection of refugees

1. National Procedures for determining refugee status
2. National legislation
3. Developments in national legislation
4. De facto refugees
5. Programme refugees
6. Some questions...

1. Internally Displaced Persons

1. Who can assist internally displaced persons?
2. What rights do internally displaced persons have?
3. Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Internally Displaced Persons
4. Some questions...

1. Case studies

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Protecting Human Rights in Europe